STEEL & HOW IMPORTANCE OF STEEL?

MATERIALS of ENGINEERING refers to selecting the correct materials for the application in which the engineered part is being used. Engineers will select a particular grade of material based on its properties such as malleability (tính dễ dát mỏng, tính dễ uốn) or tensile (căng dãn ra, có thể căng dãn ra) strength. Composites comprise (gồm có, bao gồm) two materials, such as a metallic mesh and a resin, the combination of which also depends on the properties required. Materials from which the item is to be manufactured are noted on the engineering drawing using standard material and grade codes. It is important that manufacturers do not interchange (sự trao đổi lẫn nhau, sự thay thế lẫn nhau) materials because the switch may make the products susceptible (dễ bị, dễ bị ảnh hưởng) to failures.

MATERIALS are generally split into four main groups: metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Engineering materials are metals and plastics. Metals are materials like Aluminum, Cast iron, Steels, Nickel, Silver, Zinc Alloy, Brass and Copper. Plastics are materials like Nylon, Acrylic, Polythene, Polypropylene, Polycarbonate, Bakelite, Melamine, Expoxy resin, Pvc and uPVC. Wood is used to make patterns and models. Smart materials and composites such as carbon fibre are also important engineering materials.

STEEL – THE BEST MATERIAL FOR BUILDING

STEEL is the world's most important engineering and construction material. It is used in every aspect of our lives . It can be recycled over and over again without loss of property. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, and sometimes other elements. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component used in buildings, oil tankers, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Iron is the base metal of steel. Steel is a method of converting pig iron to steel by blowing air through the molten metals to oxidize impurities such as carbon, silicon, phosphorus and manganese normally present in pig iron. In its pure form, iron is soft and is not useful as an engineering material. Iron is commonly found in the Earth's crust in the form of an ore, usually an iron oxide, such as magnetite or hematite. Iron is extracted from iron ore by removing the oxygen through its combination with a preferred chemical partner such as carbon which is then lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. This process, known as smelting, was first applied to metals with lower melting points, such as tin, which melts at about 250°C (482°F), and copper, which melts at about 1,100°C (2,010°F), and the combination, bronze, which has a melting point lower than 1,083°C (1,981°F). In comparison, cast iron melts at about 1,375°C (2,507°F). The principal method of strengthening it and converting it into steel is by adding small amounts of carbon. In solid steel, carbon is generally found in two forms. Either it is in solid solution in austenite and ferrite or it is found as a carbide. The carbide form can be iron carbide (Fe3C, known as cementite), or it can be a carbide of an alloying element such as titanium. In gray iron, carbon appears as flakes or clusters of graphite, owing to the presence of silicon, which suppresses carbide formation. Learning and developing subjects please check back later.

Nickel: Learning and developing subjects please check back later

Silver: Learning and developing subjects please check back later

Zinc Alloy: Learning and developing subjects please check back later

Brass: Learning and developing subjects please check back later

Copper: Learning and developing subjects please check back later

Stainless Steel: Learning and developing subjects please check back later

STEEL DESIGN RESOURCES

All Metal & Forge Group: Manufacturer of custom and standard open die forgings and seamless rolled rings in carbon steel, alloy steel, tool steel, nickel alloys, cobalt, aluminum, copper and titanium. Read Metal & Manufacturing Outlook eZine monthly.

Brush-Wellman, Inc., formerly the Brush Beryllium Co., is the world's largest processor of beryllium and beryllium compounds. Incorporated in 1931 by Charles Baldwin Sawyer and Bengt Kjellgren, the company had its origins in the research conducted by Sawyer and Charles Brush, Jr. in the 1920s.

High Temp Metals: Nickel and Cobalt Alloys in Sheet, Plate and BarKovar A is a vacuum melted, iron-nickel-cobalt, low expansion alloy with a chemical composition that is used for making hermetic seals with the harder Pyrex glasses and ceramic materials. It is widely used in power tubes, microwave tubes, transistors and diodes. It is used for the flat pack and dual-in-line package in integrated circuits. Alloy Kovar is primarily used for applications that take account of its magnetic properties.

Materion: A Global Leader in Advanced Materials: Beryllium, Clad Metals, High Performance Alloy, Braze and Solder Alloys, Microelectronics Packaging Materials, Precision Optics, Technical Ceramics, ThinFilm Coatings, Thin Film Deposition Materials.

Speedy Metals: Online Industrial Metal Supply. Alloy, Aluminum, Brass, Bronze, CAst Iron, Copper, SST, Tool Steel, Plastic. Buy only what you need NO minimum orders.

SSINA: Specialty Steel Industry of North America is a voluntary trade association representing the majority of the producers of specialty metals in North America. The purpose of SSINA is to promote and encourage better understanding between members of the specialty steel industry and national and state government officials.

MATERIALS of ENGINEERING

Materials of Engineering refers to selecting the correct materials for the application in which the engineered part is being used. Engineers will select a particular grade of material based on its properties such as malleability or tensile strength. Composites comprise two materials, such as a metallic mesh and a resin, the combination of which also depends on the properties required. Materials from which the item is to be manufactured are noted on the engineering drawing using standard material and grade codes. It is important that manufacturers do not interchange materials because the switch may make the products susceptible to failures.

Isotropic Materials are characterized by two elastic parameters. Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio. It's defined as if its mechanical and thermal properties are the same (having identical values of a property) in all directions. Glass and metals are examples of isotropic materials.

Anisotropic Materials are materials whose properties are directionally dependent. Anisotropic material's properties such as Young's Modulus, change with direction along the object.

• Density of a material is defined as material mass per unit volume and designated by the symbol ρ (rho). The SI unit of density is kg / m3 and U.S. customary unit of density is lb/ft3. Density is an important characteristic property of a material and varies with temperature and pressure.
• Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state of an atom by another atom, an ion, or a molecule.
• Poisson's ratio is a measure of the Poisson effect, that describes the expansion of a material in directions perpendicular to the direction of compression. The ratio is named after the French mathematician and physicist Siméon Poisson. Conversely, if the material is stretched rather than compressed, it usually tends to contract in the directions transverse to the direction of stretching. It is a common observation when a rubber band is stretched, it becomes noticeably thinner. In certain rare cases, a material will actually shrink in the transverse direction when compressed (or expand when stretched) which will yield a negative value of the Poisson ratio.
• Mechanical Damping/Damping Ratio: Damping (sự giảm âm, sự giảm xóc, sự chống rung) an influence within or upon an oscillatory (dao động) system that has the effect of reducing, restricting or preventing its oscillations. In physical systems, damping is produced by processes that dissipate the energy stored in the oscillation. The damping ratio is a dimensionless measure describing how oscillations in a system decay after a disturbance. Many systems exhibit oscillatory behavior when they are disturbed from their position of static equilibrium. A mass suspended from a spring, for example, might, if pulled and released, bounce up and down. On each bounce, the system tends to return to its equilibrium position, but overshoots it. Sometimes losses (e.g. frictional, gravitational) damp the system and can cause the oscillations to gradually decay in amplitude towards zero or attenuate. The damping ratio is a measure describing how rapidly the oscillations decay from one bounce to the next.
• Young's Modulus is a mechanical property that measures the stiffness of a solid material. It defines the relationship between stress (force per unit area) and strain (proportional deformation) in a material in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial (having or relating to a single axis) deformation. A solid material will undergo elastic deformation when a small load is applied to it in compression or extension. Elastic deformation is reversible (the material returns to its original shape after the load is removed). Young's modulus is not always the same in all orientations of a material. Most metals and ceramics, along with many other materials, are isotropic, and their mechanical properties are the same in all orientations. However, metals and ceramics can be treated with certain impurities, and metals can be mechanically worked to make their grain structures directional. These materials then become anisotropic, and Young's modulus will change depending on the direction of the force vector[3]. Anisotropy can be seen in many composites as well. For example, carbon fiber has a much higher Young's modulus (is much stiffer) when force is loaded parallel to the fibers (along the grain). Other such materials include wood and reinforced concrete. Engineers can use this directional phenomenon to their advantage in creating structures.
• More material properties...developing subjects please check back later

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