Eng. Technical Solutions

AN INTRODUCTION TO INVESTMENTS

Why Individuals Should Specify Investment Goals: The stock market is the single greatest wealth redistribution mechanism created by man to take money from the impatient and transfer it to the patient. Patient (kiên nhẫn) does not mean inaction (không hoạt động). How to limit the loss, how to maximize the profit is to understand the companies we're invested in. A good business tends to stay a good business, no matter what its stock price does.

Staying Invested: No one likes to lose money. We often wonder if we should sell our investments to stem further losses, or sit on the sidelines until things improve. But in most cases, the wisest move is simply to stay the course. Small and large stocks have provided the highest returns and largest increases in wealth over the previous years. However, the higher returns achieved by stocks are associated with much greater risk. Government bonds and Treasury bills are guaranteed by U.S. government as to the timely payment of principal and interest, while stocks are not guaranteed and have been more volatile than the other asset classes. Furthermore (hơn nữa, vả lại), small stocks are more volatile than large stocks, are subject to significant price fluctuations and business risks, and are thinly traded.

Investing During Market Downturns: Stocks are not guaranteed and have been more volatile than other asset classes. But ceasing (dừng, ngừng) regular investments during market downturns can sometimes deprive (lấy đi, cướp đi) you of future opportunities. The best strategies for handling market downturns includes maintaining a well-diversified portfolio (a diversified investor's portfolio may include stocks consisting of retail, transport, and consumer staple companies, as well as bonds—both corporate- and government-issued) and using dollar-cost averaging (dollar-cost averaging is the practice of putting a fixed amount of money into an investment on a regular basis, when the prices fall) instead of lump-sum purchases, to ease into new investments. Dollar-cost averaging does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss in declining markets. Dollar-cost averaging involves continuous investment regardless of fluctuating prices, so investors should consider their financial ability to continue purchases through periods of low price levels. Finally, staying focused on a long-term investment plan may enable us to participate in recoveries. Diversification (làm cho thành nhiều dạng) does not eliminate the risk of investment losses.

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Rather than trying to pick individual stocks during a market downturns, pick companies that tend to have these characteristics:

The ability to increase prices rather easily (even when product demand is flat and capacity is not fully utilized) without fear of significant loss of either market share or unit volume.Khả năng tăng giá khá dễ dàng (ngay cả khi nhu cầu sản phẩm không đổi và công suất không được sử dụng hết) mà không sợ mất thị phần hoặc sản lượng đơn vị đáng kể. Thị phần là tỷ lệ phần trăm giữa doanh thu bán ra của doanh nghiệp này với tổng doanh thu của tất cả các doanh nghiệp kinh doanh loại hàng hoá, dịch vụ đó trên thị trường liên quan hoặc tỷ lệ phần trăm giữa doanh số mua vào của doanh nghiệp này với tổng doanh số mua vào của tất cả các doanh nghiệp kinh doanh loại hàng hoá, dịch vụ đó trên thị trường liên quan theo tháng, quý, năm.
The ability to accommodate large dollar volume increases in business (often produced more by rising in price than by real growth) with an only minor additional investment of capital. Khả năng đáp ứng khối lượng đô la lớn tăng lên trong kinh doanh (thường được sản xuất nhiều hơn do giá tăng hơn là tăng trưởng thực tế) chỉ với một khoản đầu tư vốn bổ sung nhỏ.

Investing for The Long Run: Why invest in the long run? Individual stocks tend to have highly volatile prices, and the returns we might receive on any single stock may vary wildly. In addition to being volatile, there is the risk that a single company’s stock price may not increase significantly over time. But if we invest in the right stock, we could make bundles of money. On the downside, since the returns on stock investments are not guaranteed, we risk losing everything on any given investment. Therefore, if we put all of our eggs in a single basket, sometimes that basket may fail, breaking all the eggs. The average yearly difference between the high and low of any given typical stock is about 40%. When the stock market has crashed, it has always rebounded. As we hold a blue-chip-stock for year after year, the variation on its expected return typically increases. Tại sao nên đầu tư lâu dài? Giá các cổ phiếu cá thể thường có xu hướng biến động mạnh và lợi nhuận mà bạn có thể nhận được trên bất kỳ cổ phiếu nào có thể khác nhau rất nhiều. Ngoài việc dễ hay thay đổi, rủi ro nữa là giá cổ phiếu của một công ty có thể không tăng đáng kể theo thời gian. Nhưng nếu bạn đầu tư vào đúng cổ phiếu, bạn có thể kiếm được nhiều tiền. Mặt khác, vì lợi nhuận từ các khoản đầu tư cổ phiếu không được đảm bảo, bạn cũng có nguy cơ mất tất cả trên bất kỳ khoản đầu tư nhất định nào. Do đó, nếu bạn bỏ tất cả trứng vào một giỏ, đôi khi giỏ đó có thể bị rớt, làm vỡ tất cả trứng. Chênh lệch trung bình hàng năm giữa mức cao và mức thấp nhất của bất kỳ cổ phiếu điển hình nào là khoảng 40%. Khi thị trường chứng khoán tuột thấp, nó luôn phục hồi. Khi bạn nắm giữ một cổ phiếu tốt từ năm này qua năm khác, sự thay đổi về lợi nhuận kỳ vọng của bạn thường tăng cao.

Invest in During Times of Inflation. For most of us, inflation means higher prices on goods and services, and the risk of a loss of purchasing power if their income fails to keep up. Conversely, a decline in prices is known as deflation. Inflation is most damaging to the value of fixed-rate debt securities because it devalues interest rate payments as well repayments of principal. If the inflation rate exceeds the interest rate, lenders are in effect losing money after adjusting for inflation. This is why investors sometimes focus on the real interest rate, derived by subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal interest rate. As an example, when the inflation rate is 3%, a loan with a nominal interest rate of 5% would have a real interest rate of approximately 2% (in fact, it's 1.94%). Đầu tư vào thời kỳ lạm phát. Đối với hầu hết chúng ta, lạm phát có nghĩa là giá cả hàng hóa và dịch vụ tăng cao, và khả năng tiêu xài nếu thu nhập của bạn không tăng theo kịp. Ngược lại, sự giảm giá được gọi là giảm phát (Sự giảm bớt số tiền giấy phát hành để tiền có giá trị hơn, trái với lạm phát.) Lạm phát gây tổn hại nhiều nhất đến giá trị của các chứng khoán với nợ có lãi suất cố định vì nó làm giảm giá trị các khoản thanh toán lãi suất cũng như trả nợ gốc. Nếu tỷ lệ lạm phát vượt quá lãi suất, người cho vay sẽ mất tiền sau khi điều chỉnh theo lạm phát. Đây là lý do tại sao các nhà đầu tư đôi khi tập trung vào lãi suất thực, có được bằng cách lấy lãi suất danh nghĩa trừ đi tỷ lệ lạm phát. Ví dụ, khi tỷ lệ lạm phát là 3%, một khoản vay với lãi suất danh nghĩa 5% sẽ có một tỷ lệ lãi suất thực tế khoảng 2%.

How do you protect yourself during inflation? In general, many experts recommend investing smartly to hedge against inflation “KEEP INVESTING IN STOCKS” to hedge against rising costs. Here’s what Warren Buffett has said over the decades. “The best businesses during inflation are the businesses that you buy once and then you don’t have to keep making capital investments subsequently,” while you should avoid “any business with heavy capital investment.” He highlights real estate as good during inflation, which you may buy once and then also get the rise in value as well, which means a company in which the products are in demand even if the company does have to raise prices; meanwhile he calls out businesses like utilities and railroads as not good investments during inflation." Làm thế nào để bạn tự bảo vệ mình trong thời kỳ lạm phát? Nhìn chung, nhiều chuyên gia khuyên bạn nên đầu tư một cách thông minh để phòng ngừa lạm phát “HÃY VẪN CỨ ĐẦU TƯ VÀO CỔ PHIẾU” để phòng ngừa khi chi phí gia tăng. Đây là những gì Warren Buffett đã nói trong nhiều thập kỷ. “Các doanh nghiệp tốt trong thời kỳ lạm phát là các doanh nghiệp mà bạn mua một lần và sau đó bạn không phải tiếp tục đầu tư vốn”, trong lúc bạn nên tránh “bất kỳ doanh nghiệp nào có vốn đầu tư lớn”. Ông nhấn mạnh bất động sản là tốt trong thời kỳ lạm phát, bạn có thể mua một lần và giá trị sẽ được tăng dần, có nghĩa là một công ty có nhu cầu sản phẩm ngay cả khi công ty đó phải tăng giá; trong khi đó, ông ấy gọi các doanh nghiệp với tiện ích đa dụng và đường sắt là những khoản đầu tư không tốt trong thời kỳ lạm phát.

‹•› Companies that tend to withstand an inflationary environment are commodities, bonds, real estate, and stocks.

Commodities include raw materials and agricultural products like oil, copper, cotton, soybeans, and orange juice. Commodity prices tend to rise alongside the prices of finished products made from those commodities in inflationary environments. For example, higher crude prices elevate the price of gasoline and transportation. Sophisticated investors can trade commodities futures or the shares of producers. On the other hand, exchange-traded funds investing in commodity futures will tend to underperform the price of a rising commodity, because their futures positions must be rolled as they expire.
Inflation-Indexed Security or inflation-indexed bonds, which offer a variable interest rate tied to the inflation rate. In the United States, Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) are a popular option, pegged to the Consumer Price Index. Inflation-indexed securities guarantee a return that’s greater than inflation, often indexed to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or another inflation index.
Historically, real estate has proven to be a stable investment during inflation. Real estate is a popular choice because it becomes a more useful and popular store of value amid inflation while generating increased rental income. But real estate is also vulnerable to rising interest rates and financial crises, as seen in 2007-2008. But evaluating if real estate could be right for your portfolio is more complex than that. One also must take into account the need for liquidity, their tax strategy and also the time they can devote to managing a real estate investment, which tends to be more intensive than a stock portfolio. Nonetheless, when prices are rising, property can often be a favorable place to have your money.
Stocks have a reasonable chance of keeping pace with inflation—but when it comes to doing so, not all equities are created equal. For example, high-dividend-paying stocks tend to get hammered like fixed-rate bonds in inflationary times. Defensive stocks tend to do better during inflation periods and offer modest dividends. These are your R&D-heavy pharmaceutical and biotech companies that don’t swing with the business cycle of the economy. Companies in the information-technology sector are less sensitive to inflationary pressures, and would also be good individual stock options. Also, investors should focus on companies that can pass their rising input costs to customers, such as those in the consumer staples sector.

Profit In a Down Market Short selling is a tactic used by intermediate to advanced traders to make money from an asset that we don't own. How?

Identify the stocks that you believe will decline in the future, so that it can be bought back at a lower price to earn a profit.
Sell the share in the market at the current market price. Collect the proceeds in the margin account.
Wait for stock price to fall. Buy back the shares at the lower price and return the shares to the lender.

Risks with short sell: Losses can keep mounting - Additional costs - Short squeezes.

Timing is crucial. Over time, generally markets have moved upwards. Even if your short play is a good idea, the market could continue to carry the stock in the interim.
Stock borrowing costs. This fee is based on an annualized rate that can range from 1% or more than 100% of the value of the short trade.
Other fees the short seller also has to pay to the lender (broker) on events such as share splits, spin-offs and bonus share issues, all of which are unpredictable events.
Dividend payment is the short seller responsible on the shorted stock. Also margin innterest if short positions are kept open over an extended period, the interest payable can add up to a large sum.
Short squeeze due to positive development in the stock market, the traders rush to buy to cover their positions, which forces short sellers to close out their short positions. This can add even more upward pressure on the stock and typically further moves the price even higher. Stocks with high demand for shorting can have a “short squeeze”.

Rewards with short sell

To profit in a bearish market, without short-selling, it can be very difficult to make money from a down market.
To hedge (rào lại) the downside risk of a long position in the same security or a related one with short positions.

Call Options: An option to buy stocks at an agreed price on or before a particular date. For this option to buy the stock, the call buyer pays a “premium” per share to the call seller. If you think the market price of the underlying stock will rise, you can consider buying a call option compared to buying the stock outright. If the stock price moves up significantly, buying a call option offers much better profits than owning the stock. If you think the market price of the underlying stock will stay flat, trade sideways, or go down, you can consider selling or “writing” a call option.

Call Options, the Strike Price: The strike price of a call option is a fixed price at which the owner of the option can buy, or sell, the underlying security or commodity. If you're in the long call position, you want the market price to be higher until the expiration date. When the strike price is reached, your contract is essentially worthless on the expiration date (since you can purchase the shares on the open market for that price). You can sell a Call option before it hits the Strike price. If the stock price exceeds the call option's strike price, then the difference between the current market price and the strike price represents the loss to the seller. Most option sellers charge a high fee to compensate for any losses that may occur. When the stock trades at the strike price, the call option is “at the money.” If the stock trades below the strike price, the call is “out of the money” and the option expires worthless. Then the call seller keeps the premium paid for the call while the buyer loses the entire investment.

Calls Option Strategy: A call option (quyền đặt tiền) is a contract between a buyer and a seller. This contract is an agreement that gives the buyer the right to buy shares of the “company,” at a pre-determined price for a limited time period. The “company” is generically known as the underlying security. Options can be traded on several types of underlying securities. Some of the most common ones are stocks, indexes, or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) stock options. The meaning of a call option is that when we own one, we have the right to call the asset away from the investor. Most stock option contracts are a right to buy 100 shares of the underlying security. So the “company” represented in our contract will be 100 shares of a specific stock, like Intel, Apple, or Adobe. Once the contract between the buyer and seller is final, the seller is required to sell the stock to the buyer at the price determined in the contract, if the buyer decides to buy the 100 shares of stock. This is referred to as “exercising” the buyer’s right. A call option is called a "call" because the owner has the right to "call the stock away" from the seller.

Chiến lược với quyền mua hoặc bán cổ phần với giá đặt trong một thời gian cố định: Quyền đặt tiền là một hợp đồng giữa người mua và người bán. Hợp đồng này là một thỏa thuận cho người mua quyền đặt tiền trên cổ phiếu của “công ty”, với mức giá được xác định trước trong một khoảng thời gian giới hạn. “Công ty” thường được biết đến như một chứng khoán cơ bản. Một số loại chứng khoán cơ bản có thể được mua bán với quyền đặt tiền. Quyền đặt tiền phổ biến nhất là cổ phiếu, chỉ số, hoặc quỹ giao dịch hoán đổi (ETF). Ý nghĩa của quyền đặt tiền là khi chúng ta sở hữu một chứng khoán cơ bản, chúng ta có quyền đặt tiền vào chứng khoán của nhà đầu tư. Hầu hết các hợp đồng với quyền đặt tiền là quyền mua 100 cổ phiếu chứng khoán cơ bản. Vì vậy, "công ty" đại diện trong hợp đồng của chúng ta sẽ là 100 cổ phiếu, cụ thể như Intel, Apple hoặc Adobe. Khi hợp đồng giữa người mua và người bán kết thúc, người bán được yêu cầu bán cổ phiếu cho người mua theo giá xác định trong hợp đồng, nếu người mua quyết định mua 100 cổ phiếu. Điều này được gọi là quyền "thực hiện" của người mua. Quyền chọn mua được gọi là "quyền mua" bởi vì người sở hữu có quyền "lấy cổ phiếu đi" từ người bán.

This right to buy is a limited time offer. The shares of the underlying asset are available at a specific, pre-determined price — the strike price or exercise price — during a specific timeframe (the expiration date) from a seller. Exercise our right to buy, and the seller is obligated to sell us the underlying security. Once the predetermined window of time ends, we are no longer able to buy the underlying shares for the strike price.

How does it work? Ex: ABC stock is trading for $20 a share. Calls with a strike price of $20 are available for a $2 premium and expire in six months. In total, one call contract costs $200 ($2 premium x 100 shares). The contract represents 100 shares, for every $1 increase in the stock price above the strike price, the total value of the option increases by $100. The breakeven point is $22 per share. That’s the strike price of $20 plus the $2 cost of the call. When the stock trades between $20 and $22, the buyer would regain some of the initial investment, but the option does not show a net profit.
How does it work? Ex: We purchase a call option contract for 100 shares of an biotech stock and pay $2.15 for the option. This contract gives us the right to buy these shares for $50 each at any point during the next three months. During this time, the price of this stock goes up and up. Near the end of your option contract, you purchase the underlying security for the strike price of $50 per share — a cost that’s cheaper than the $55 per share the stock is currently trading at. In this situation, our option is "in-the-money" (in the money (ITM) and out of the money (OTM) is a matter of the strike price's position relative to the market value of the underlying stock).
Calculating our profit. Subtract the strike price from the current price. If the biotech stock is trading at $55, the strike price is $50, and the premium is $2.15, your profit is $2.85 per share. Our call option contract was for 100 shares, so our total profit is $2.85 multiplied by 100, or $285, less commissions. Commissions are an important factor to figure into all options trades. PROFIT = CURENT PRICE – STRIKE PRICE + PREMIUM X 100 ($55 – $50 – $2.15 = $2.85) X 100 = $285 – COMMISSIONS.
Calculating our loss. If the underlying stock price is less than the strike price at the end of the contract, which means there is no value to own it. The underlying shares of biotech stock have a strike price of $50 per share. After three months at the expiration date and the price of the stock is now $47.75 per share. Since the current price is below the strike price of $50, we obviously decided not to buy the underlying shares and we’ve already paid the premium up front. LOSS = PREMIUM X 100 ($2.15 X 100) = $215 – COMMISSIONS. This is often referred to as maximum loss.

Quyền mua này là một ưu đãi có thời hạn. Cổ phiếu cơ bản của công ty sẵn có với một giá cụ thể, được xác định trước - giá thực tế (có giá trị) hoặc giá áp dụng (đúng với yêu cầu) - trong một khung thời gian cụ thể (ngày hết hạn) từ người bán. Thực hiện quyền mua của bạn và người bán bắt buộc phải bán cho bạn chứng khoán ưu đãi đó. Sau khi khoảng thời gian định trước kết thúc, bạn không thể mua cổ phiếu cơ bản đó với giá cụ thể nữa.

Mua bán thế nào? Với quyền đặt tiền hợp đồng bạn chọn mua 100 cổ phiếu của một công ty sinh học và trả $2.15 với quyền đặt tiền. Hợp đồng này cho bạn quyền mua những cổ phiếu này với giá $50 mỗi cổ phiếu vào bất kỳ thời điểm nào trong ba tháng tới. Trong thời gian này, giá của cổ phiếu này mổi ngày càng lên cao. Gần cuối hợp đồng với quyền chọn, bạn mua mỗi cổ phiếu cơ bản nầy với giá thực tế là $50 - rẻ hơn $55 là trị giá cho mỗi cổ phiếu hiện đang giao dịch. Trong tình huống này, lựa chọn của bạn là ("in-the-money" giá cụ thể thấp hơn giá cổ phiếu hiện tại).

What Make A Good Company? A blue chip company is a mature company with a national reputation for quality, reliability, and the ability to operate profitably in good and bad times. The most popular index that follows United States blue chips is the Dow Jones Industrial Average, a price-weighted average of 30 blue-chip stocks that are generally the leaders in their industry. All companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJI) are blue-chips, but the Dow Jones Industrial Average is an index that does not include all companies that are blue chips. Review a company financial statements and earnings to gain insight into how the company is doing.

Is the company making a profit?
Can it pay its debts?
Are revenues growing year-to-year?

Place A Limit Order: Buying a stock is not a one and done action in this choppy market. We need to systematize our approach so we can limit our losses. Let’s say we have $10,000 we’re planning to invest in a stock. We want to buy Novavax, Inc. (NVAX), but we’re leery of the broader market and that the stock is trading near all-time highs. Here’s our approach.

We can buy half a position today for $36.95. We have now invested $3,695. We place a limit buy order for the rest of our position at some radically lower level. We call it our ‘wish list’ price. For us, we would do it like this. We see where the stock topped, it hit a flat area, and then bounced as a bottom all at about $17 a share. We see that price and think, why not own NVAX for $17. So, we place a limit order to buy the second half of our position for $17.
If we learn option trading. Option trading can actually increase our return even if the lower price is never reached. Selling a put at $17 strike, we collect the value of the put, regardless of what happens. If the stock go down to below $17, then the holder of the contract will sell us 100 share of NVAX at $17, but we keep the value of the option.

Setting A Target To Exit The Position. When a stock leads the market down, that is not the investment to buy more of as it falls, it’s an investment to cut our losses on. In any case, panic and fear would have been totally alleviated knowing that we were risking just 5% of $10,000, or $500 in this trade. The stock hit the limit, we're out, and we live to trade again. We would have bought SPR for $79, but the lower limit price we set would not have been to buy more, but rather to sell. We would have set a limit of a 5% loss, which means if SPR hit $75, we would have been a seller.

The Rule Of Double Up. there may come a time when you want to enter a position with double the size. In this case, perhaps a stock drops far enough that the $10,000 investment was hit in two chunks of $5,000 and now the stock is yet lower and it feels like time to buy more.

Porfolio Construction and Planing: A portfolio is a combination of assets designed to serve as a store of value. It will includes long-term financial assets (bonds + common stocks offer higher yield than saving account and certificates of deposit for retirement and child’s education) and short-term assets (saving account). The portfolio should contain a variety of assets (fund to cover unemployment, medical coverage or disability insurance. If the investor has this coverage, more of the portfolio may be directed toward other financial goals. Assets involving greater risk may earn higher returns. Individual should not construct a portfolio all at once but acquire assets on at a time. The decision revolves around which specific asset to purchase: Which mutual fund? Which bond? Which stock? Security analysis considers the merits of the individual asset.

MARGIN AND HOW DOES IT WORK?

What is margin? (Tiền bảo chứng). In finance, the margin is the collateral that an investor has to deposit with their broker or exchange to cover the credit risk the holder poses for the broker or the exchange. An investor can create credit risk if they borrow cash from the broker to buy financial instruments, borrow financial instruments to sell them short, or enter into a derivative contract. Trong tài chính, ký quỹ là tài sản thế chấp mà nhà đầu tư phải ký gửi với nhà môi giới hoặc sàn giao dịch của họ để trang trải rủi ro tín dụng mà người nắm giữ đặt ra cho nhà môi giới hoặc sàn giao dịch. Nhà đầu tư có thể tạo ra rủi ro tín dụng nếu họ vay tiền mặt từ nhà môi giới để mua các công cụ tài chính, vay các công cụ tài chính để bán khống hoặc ký kết hợp đồng phái sinh.

In a normal business context, the margin is the difference between a product or service's selling price and the cost of production, or the ratio of profit to revenue. Margin can also refer to the portion of the interest rate on an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) added to the adjustment-index rate. Trong bối cảnh kinh doanh bình thường, tỷ suất lợi nhuận là sự chênh lệch giữa giá bán sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ và chi phí sản xuất, hoặc tỷ lệ lợi nhuận trên doanh thu. Ký quỹ cũng có thể đề cập đến phần lãi suất trên một khoản thế chấp có lãi suất điều chỉnh (ARM) được thêm vào tỷ lệ chỉ số điều chỉnh.

Buy High and Sell Low With Relative Strength. The goal of investing is to sell something at a price that's higher than what the investor paid to buy it. The idea is to buy the strongest stocks (as measured against the performance of the overall market), hold these stocks while capital gains accumulate, and sell them when their performance deteriorates to the point where they are among the weakest performers. Mua cao và bán thấp với ưu điểm tương đối. Mục tiêu của việc đầu tư là bán cổ phiếu với giá cao hơn giá mà nhà đầu tư đã trả để mua nó. Kế hoạch đây là mua những cổ phiếu tốt nhất (được đo lường dựa trên kết quả toàn thể của thị trường), giữ những cổ phiếu này trong khi lãi vốn tích lũy và bán chúng khi hiệu suất ̣(hiệu năng tính bằng con số cụ thể) của chúng suy giảm đến mức chúng nằm trong số những cổ phiếu có thành tích kém nhất.

Relative Strength. Prices are never too high to begin buying or too low to begin selling. When stocks showing high relative strength they are likely to continue increasing in price, and it is better to buy those stocks than to buy stocks with falling prices.

FINANCIAL TERMS

50-Day Moving Average (xê dịch trung bình trong 50 ngày): It's simply a stock price average over the last 50 days which often acts as a support or resistance level for trading. closing price over the last 50 days. The 50-day average is considered the most important because it's the first line of support in an uptrend (sức mạnh trong một xu hướng tăng) or first line of resistance in a downtrend (sức bền trong một xu hướng giảm).

Allocation (sự phân phối, sự chia phần): To set apart, to reserve or select for a specified purpose. The share or portion allocated. It basically means that Intel have not got enough stock to go to every outlet they supply and someone in the organisation has to make a decision of which CPUs and how many of them are sent out to individual stores.

Asset (của cải, tài sản, vật thuộc quyền sở hữu): A valuable item that is owned. The items detailed on a balance sheet, extrasensory perception or esp.ESP (ngoại cảm) in relation to liabilities and capital. An asset is a resource with economic value that an individual, corporation, or country owns or controls with the expectation that it will provide a future benefit. Assets are reported on a company's balance sheet and are bought or created to increase a firm's value or benefit the firm's operations.

Basic EPS. Income available to parent company common stockholders (Net Income) ÷ (Basic Average Shares) Weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Due to a variety of factors, a company's earnings per share can be negative. While a negative EPS means the company is losing money, it doesn't necessarily mean the company isn't experiencing growth. Lợi tức căn bản mỗi cổ phiếu. Thu nhập thu nhập bình quân dành cho nhà đầu tư của công ty mẹ (Lãi thu nhập) chia (Cổ phiếu cơ bản) Số lượng cổ phiếu thông thường bình quân đang lưu hành. Do nhiều yếu tố, thu nhập trên mỗi cổ phiếu của công ty có thể trừ. Mặc dù lợi tức căn bản trừ có nghĩa là công ty đang thua lỗ, nhưng điều đó không nhất thiết có nghĩa là công ty không phát triển.

Ex: The Boeing Company Net Income ÷ Basic Average Shares —› BOE Basic EPS: –4,935,000 ÷ 594,578 = –8.30

Bear (sinh lãi, có lãi): A bear market (thị trường sinh lợi) is only bad if you plan on selling your stock or need your money immediately. As a value investor, you typically invest long-term with the intent to hold your shares for decades. A bear market creates a great opportunity to accelerate your returns over longer periods. During a bear market, market sentiment is negative as investors are beginning to move their money out of equities and into fixed-income securities, as they wait for a positive move in the stock market. A bear market describes a stock market decline as a result of negative investor sentiment.

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Grow your business with us. If your company is interested in placing the company’s logo, brand, event invitation, and other promotional banners and flyers here or on any other pages, please reach out to us at ViBa Direct. Thank you for visiting us. Nếu công ty bạn có nhu cầu quảng cáo, đặt biểu trưng, thương hiệu, biểu ngữ mời tham gia thành viên, hội viên cũng như các bích chương quảng cáo khác tại đây hoặc bất kỳ trang nào khác, xin vui lòng liên hệ với chúng tôi.

Beta (sinh lãi, có lãi) is a measure of a stock's volatility relative to the overall market. It is most often calculated using a stock's movements relative to the S&P 500 Index over the trailing 12-month period.

Book Value (Trị giá cổ phiếu trong sổ). The book value of a stock is theoretically the amount of money that would be paid to shareholders if the company was liquidated and paid off all of its liabilities. As a result, the book value equals the difference between a company's total assets and total liabilities.

Bond (kỳ phiếu; trái phiếu): Bonds are traded over the counter, while stocks are traded on exchanges. Governments (at all levels) and corporations commonly use bonds in order to borrow money. Governments need to fund roads, schools, dams or other infrastructure. Similarly, corporations will often borrow to grow their business, to buy property and equipment, to undertake profitable projects, for research and development or to hire employees. When companies or other entities need to raise money, they may issue bonds directly to investors. The borrower (issuer) issues a bond that includes the terms of the loan, interest payments that will be made, and the time at which the loaned funds (bond principal) must be paid back (maturity date). The interest payment (the coupon) is part of the return that bondholders earn for loaning their funds to the issuer. The interest rate that determines the payment is called the coupon rate. The initial price of most bonds is typically set at par, usually $100 or $1,000 face value per individual bond. The actual market price of a bond depends on a number of factors. The credit quality of the issuer, the length of time until expiration, and the coupon rate compared to the general interest rate environment at the time. The face value of the bond is what will be paid back to the borrower once the bond matures. Bonds and bond portfolios will rise or fall in value as interest rates change. The sensitivity to changes in the interest rate environment is called “duration.” The use of the term duration in this context can be confusing to new bond investors because it does not refer to the length of time the bond has before maturity. Instead, duration describes how much a bond’s price will rise or fall with a change in interest rates. Bonds may not necessarily provide the biggest returns, they are considered a fairly reliable investment tool. That's because they are known to provide regular income. As an investor, we should be aware of some of the pitfalls that come with investing in the bond market. Here are the most common risks.

Interesrt rate is the primary risks associated with the bond market.
Default risk occurs when the issuer can't pay the interest or principal in a timely manner or at all.
Inflation risk occurs when the rate of price increases in the economy deteriorates the returns associated with the bond.

Bull (giá lên): A bull market (thị trường nâng giá) is the condition of a financial market in which prices are rising or are expected to rise. Because prices of securities rise and fall essentially continuously during trading, the term "bull market" is typically reserved for extended periods in which a large portion of security prices are rising. Bull markets tend to last for months or even years. Bull markets generally take place when the economy is strengthening. They tend to happen in line with strong gross domestic product (GDP) and a drop in unemployment and will often coincide with a rise in corporate profits. The overall demand for stocks will be positive and investor confidence will also tend to climb throughout a bull market period. In addition, there will be a general increase in the amount of IPO activity during bull markets. How to make money in a bull market? Buy and Hold - Increased Buy and Hold - Retracement Additions.

Capital Gain:(vốn tăng ) An increase in the value of a capital asset (vốn tài sản), such as a stock. Capital gain is an increase in a capital asset's value (giá trị vốn tài sản). It is considered to be realized (nhận ra) when you sell the asset. A capital gain may be short-term (one year or less) or long-term (more than one year) and must be claimed on income taxes.capital asset. Capital gain is denoted as the net profit that an investor makes after selling capital asset exceeding the price of purchase. The entire value earned from selling a capital asset is considered as taxable income. Buildings, lands, houses, vehicles, Mutual Funds, Stocks, and jewelry are a few examples of capital assets. To calculate capital gain.

Short-term Capital Gain = Final Sale Price – (the cost of acquisition + house improvement cost + transfer cost).
Long-term Capital Gain = Final Sale Price – (transfer cost + indexed acquisition cost + indexed house improvement cost).

Circuit Breaker (ngắt mạch): Circuit breakers are regulatory measures to temporarily halt in trading on an exchange, which are in place to curb (hạn chế) panic-selling (hoảng hốt, sợ hãi, bán bỏ). They apply both to broad (toàn diện, trên mọi lĩnh vực) market (thị trường) indices (chỉ số so sánh ) such as the S&P 500 as well as to individual securities and exist in the United States as well as in other countries. There are three thresholds that activate the automatic stock-market trading halts amid sharp, substantial downturns and volatility.

Level 1: Circuit breaker triggers a 15-minute trading pause when the market falls 7% below the prior day’s close.
Level 2: Trading halt kicks in when the market slides 13%. This pause also lasts 15 minutes.
Level 3: Circuit breaker is activated when the market drops 20%, suspending trading for the remainder of the day.

Class A Shares: (cổ phiếu cấp A) Class A and Class B. Both have the same right to a company's profits. The main difference is in voting rights. Typically Class A carries more voting rights than the other. Class A shares have ten voting rights per share. It gives the shareholders the privilege of controlling the business as they hold more voting rights than any other investor. Investors who own A share are prioritized over everyone else when the company distributes dividends to its shareholders. A company’s dividend is distributed to investors depending on which category they come under. Investors in such shares are given first preference, and dividends are paid to the first. Investing in these shares provides the investor with a dividend priority. Class A shares are only reserved and offered to the company’s management. It was introduced so that only the company’s management could control significant business decisions. With more votes per share, the primary voting rights lie with the company’s top management. This concentration of decision-making power in top executives’ hands allows the company’s management to focus on long-term growth and build a better business in the future. They are not available to the public, and cannot be traded in the open market. It means that shareholders of such shares cannot sell them to another investor in the secondary stock market.

Class B Shares: (cổ phiếu cấp B) Class B shares are a classification of common stock that may be accompanied by more or fewer voting rights than Class A shares. Class B shares may also have lower repayment priority in the event of a bankruptcy. Class B shares may also refer to mutual fund shares that carry no sales load. In terms of mutual fund designations, commissioned mutual fund brokers typically recommend Class A shares to individual investors. The fund shares have a sales load, or commission, that investors must pay when buying the fund's shares. Investors purchasing large numbers of shares, or who have shares in other funds offered by the same mutual fund company, may receive discounts on the load. Class A shares may have a lower fee, or marketing and distribution fee, than other share classes. Investors purchasing Class B shares may instead pay a fee when selling their shares, but the fee may be waived when holding the shares five years or longer. In addition, Class B shares may convert to Class A shares if held long term. Although the absence of a load means the entire purchase price of the shares is invested into the mutual fund, rather than having a percentage subtracted upfront, Class B shares have higher fee and annual management fees than Class A shares.

Commodities (hàng hoá; loại hàng, mặt hàng) are bulk goods and raw materials, such as grains, metals, livestock, oil, cotton, coffee, sugar, and cocoa, that are used to produce consumer products. The term also describes financial products, such as currency or stock and bond indexes. A commodity is a basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type. Commodities are most often used as inputs in the production of other goods or services. When they are traded on an exchange, commodities must also meet specified minimum standards, also known as a basis grade. Commodities are split into two types: hard and soft commodities. Hard commodities are typically natural resources that must be mined or extracted—such as gold, rubber, and oil, whereas soft commodities are agricultural products or livestock—such as corn, wheat, coffee, sugar, soybeans, and pork. Investing in commodities can be dangerous because when dealing with raw materials, supply and demand is unpredictable. Though everyone knows the stock market is a risky game to play, with constant ebbs and flows, commodities can be an even bigger risk.

Common Stock: (cổ phiếu phổ thông) Stocks are divided into two broad categories: common and preferred. Common stock gives shareholders ownership in the company as well as voting rights, in most cases. Holders of common shares also will receive dividends if the company offers them, although they typically pay lower and the amount can fluctuate. There's more potential for long-term growth in share prices but share prices tend to be more volatile.

Compound Annual Return (lợi tức kép hàng năm): The compound return is the rate of return, usually expressed as a percentage, that represents the cumulative effect that a series of gains or losses has on an original amount of capital over a period of time. Investing When expressed in annual terms, a compound return can be referred to as a Compound Annual Growth Rate. CAGR, is the mean annual growth rate of an investment over a specified period of time longer than one year. It represents one of the most accurate ways to calculate and determine returns for individual assets, investment portfolios, and anything that can rise or fall in value over time. To calculate the compound average return.

Divide the value of an investment at the end of the period by its value at the beginning of that period.
Raise the result to an exponent of one divided by the number of years.
Subtract one from the subsequent result.

Convertible Bond: (Hoán Đổi Trái Phiếu) A convertible bond is a fixed-income corporate debt security that yields interest payments, but can be converted into a predetermined number of common stock or equity shares. The conversion from the bond to stock can be done at certain times during the bond's life and is usually at the discretion (sự tự do làm theo ý mình) of the bond holder.

Corporate Bond:(Trái Phiếu Công Ty) These bonds are issued by companies. Companies issue bonds rather than seek bank loans for debt financing in many cases because bond markets offer more favorable terms and lower interest rates.

Coupon Date: It's the dates on which the bond issuer will make interest payments. Payments can be made in any interval (khoảng thời gian), but the standard is semiannual payments.

Coupon Rate: It's the rate of interest the bond issuer will pay on the face value of the bond, expressed as a percentage. Ex: A 7% coupon rate means that bondholders will receive 7% x $1000 face value = $70 every year. Credit rating and time to maturity are the principal determinants of a bond's coupon rate. If the issuer has a poor credit rating, the risk of default is greater, and these bonds pay more interest. Bonds that have a very long maturity date also usually pay a higher interest rate. This higher compensation is because the bondholder is more exposed to interest rate and inflation risks for an extended period. The highest quality bonds are called “investment grade” it includes debt issued by the U.S. government and very well established companies, like many utilitie companies.

Currency is the physical money in an economy, comprising the coins and paper notes in circulation. Currency makes up just a small amount of the over all money supply, much of which exists as credit money or electronic entries in financial ledgers. The eight most traded currencies are the U.S. dollar (USD), the Canadian dollar (CAD), the euro (EUR), the British pound (GBP), the Swiss franc (CHF), the New Zealand dollar (NZD), the Australian dollar (AUD) and the Japanese yen (JPY).

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Implied Volatility (IV): In finance, the implied volatility of an option contract is the value of the volatility of the underlying instrument which, when input in an option pricing model, will return a theoretical value equal to the current market price of said option. Implied volatility shows how much movement the market is expecting in the future. Options with high levels of implied (hàm ý, ngụ ý) volatility (không kiên định, không ổn định) suggest that investors in the underlying (cơ bản, ưu đãi) stocks are expecting a big move in one direction or the other. It could also mean there is an event coming up soon that may cause a big rally or a huge sell-off. However, implied volatility is only one piece of the puzzle when putting together an options trading strategy.

Income: The flow of money or its equivalent produced by an asset; dividends and interest.

Index Fund: An index fund is a type of mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF) with a portfolio constructed to match or track the components of a financial market index, such as the Standard & Poor's 500 Index (S&P 500). Index funds are a low-fee, no-fuss way to invest. It might be the smartest and easiest investment because index funds are low-risk, investors will not make the large gains that they might from high-risk individual stocks. Index Funds are affordable and well diversified, and they tend to generate solid returns over time, outperforming actively managed funds from the top investment firms. There's no universally agreed upon time to invest in index funds but ideally, we want to buy when the market is low and sell when the market is high. The disadvantage is if a big company is starting to crash, the market value may potentially fall a lot before it falls out of the index, while a mutual fund or an individual investor might have been able to sell it long before it was too late. Index funds buy high and sell low

INX - S&P 500 Index: The S&P 500, or Standard & Poor's 500 Index is a stock market index that measures the stock performance of 500 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. It is one of the most commonly followed equity indices, and many consider it to be one of the best representations of the U.S. stock market. The top 10stocks driving the SP 500 are Apple Inc (AAPL), Microsoft Corp (MSFT), Amazon.co Inc. (AMZN), Facebook Inc. (FB), Alphabet Inc. Class A Shares (GOOGL), Alphabet Inc. Class C Shares (GOOG), Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), Bershire Hathaway Inc. (BRK.B), Procter & Gamble (PG), Visa, Inc. (V).

IRA: Individual Retirement Account have tax benefits and higher earning capabilities than regular savings accounts. IRAs can be opened at a bank, with a mutual fund or life insurance company, or through a stock broker. Amounts rolled over into an IRA don’t count against limits, and contributions can be made anytime during the year or by the due date for filing tax return for that year. There are certain kinds of income that don’t qualify, only earning income is qualied an IRA contribution. Profits from the sale of real estate, earned interest and annuity income don’t count, while self-employment income, commissions and alimony pay do. For traditional IRAs, you have until the year you turn 70 1/2 to make contributions, while Roth IRAs have no age restrictions. IRAs are individual accounts, as the name suggests, and cannot be shared or opened jointly. The earnings from your IRAs grow completely tax-free. With Roth IRAs, your contribution is made with income that has already been taxed, allowing qualified withdrawals to be non-taxable. Contributions made to traditional IRAs are tax-deductible. The amount of your adjusted gross income, whether or not you're participating in an employee sponsored plan such as a 401(k), and whether filing alone or jointly will all be factors when determining tax deductibility.

Investment: Purchase of an asset for the purpose of storing value (and, it is hoped, increasing that value over time. The purchases of stocks, bonds, options, commodity contracts, and real estate are all considered to be investments if the individual’s intent is to transfer purchasing power to the future. If these assets are acting as stores of value, they are investments for that individual.

Market Capitalization (MCAP): Market Cap (giá trị thị trường) represents the aggregate (tổng số) value of a company or stock. It is obtained by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by their current price per share. For example, if NVAX company has 23,470,000 shares outstanding and a share price of $53.21 per share then the market capitalization is 23,470,000 x $53.21 = $1,248,838,700. Generally, the U.S. market recognizes three market cap divisions: large cap (usually $5 billion and above), mid cap(usually $1 billion to $5 billion), and small cap (usually less than $1 billion), although the cutoffs between the categories are not precise or fixed. Companies with a large market cap usually move similarly to the markets, where companies with small market caps might show more volatility.

Mature Date: It's the date on which the bond will mature and the bond issuer will pay the bondholder the face value of the bond.

Minority Interest (Lợi ích nhỏ) is the holding of a stake by the investors, which is less than 50% of the existing shares or the voting rights in the company. Therefore, they do not have control over the company through their voting rights, having a little role in making its decisions. Lợi ích thiểu số nghĩa là người chủ sở hữu một phần tài sản của công ti cổ phần dưới 50% số cổ phần hiện có hoặc quyền biểu quyết trong công ty. Do đó, họ không có quyền kiểm soát công ty thông qua quyền biểu quyết của mình, nên không có vai trò trong việc đưa ra các quyết định của công ty.

Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD): It's a trend-following momentum indicator that shows the relationship between two moving averages of a security's price. ̣(Mức trung bình xê dịch khác nhau là xu hướng báo động cho thấy mối quan hệ của đường trung bình giữa hai giá chứng khoán). This technical indicator is a tool that's used to identify moving averages that are indicating a new trend, whether it's bullish or bearish. Traders may buy the security when the MACD crosses above its signal line and sell—or short—the security when the MACD crosses below the signal line, that is where the most money is made.

Municipal Bond: They are issued by states and municipalities. Some municipal bonds offer tax-free coupon income for investors.

Mutual Fund is a professionally managed investment fund that pools money from many investors to purchase securities. Mutual fund investors own shares in a company whose business is buying shares in other companies. Mutual fund investors don’t directly own the stock in the companies the fund purchases, but they do share equally in the profits or losses of the fund’s total holdings — hence the “mutual” in mutual funds.

Nasdaq Composite - IXIC: Along with the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 Index, NASDAQ Composite is one of the three most-followed stock market indices in the United States. The NASDAQ Composite stock index is designed to track the value changes of the full NASDAQ market. The NASDAQ Composite index includes almost every security listed in the NASDAQ exchange, over 2,500 in total. Included in the index are all listed common stocks, limited partnerships, real estate investment trusts and American Depository Receipts. Traditionaly, tech stocks have made up a large portion of the NASDAQ composite, with larger tech companies especially influencing the total composite index. The NASDAQ launched in 1971 to provide electronic and listing services for companies that had been trading over-the-counter, not on any exchange. The NASDAQ became the listing place for many of the new and innovative companies of the high tech era. Companies such as Intel, Microsoft and Apple initially raised money by listing on the NASDAQ and remain on the exchange today. Not included in the index are any closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds, convertible securities, preferred shares or derivative securities listed on the exchange. The NASDAQ Composite is classified as a broad-based stock market index.

Net Income (thu nhập lợi tức). The profit of a business after deducting expenses. Net income is the money that you actually have available to spend. It is equal to your total income minus tax payments and pretax contributions. Investor refer to net income as net earnings, net profit, or the company’s bottom line. It’s the amount of money company have left over to pay shareholders, invest in new projects or equipment, pay off debts, or save for future use. The formula for calculating net income is:

Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold – Expenses = Net Income or
Gross Income – Expenses = Net Income or
Total Revenue – Total Expenses = Net Income

Net Profit (thu nhập lợi nhuận) is the gross profit (revenue minus COGS) minus operating expenses and all other expenses, such as taxes and interest paid on debt. Although it may appear more complicated, net profit is calculated for us and provided on the income statement as net income. While there are several types of profit margin, the most significant and commonly used is net profit margin, a company's bottom line after all other expenses, including taxes and one-off oddities, have been removed from revenue.

Total Revenue (period of time) ÷ Total Expenses (period of time) = Net Profit

Net Profit Margin ('Lãi Suất' số chênh lệch giữa giá vốn và giá bán) is one of the most important indicators of a company's overall financial health. Net Profit Margin includes all factors in a company's operations, it measures how much net income is generated as a percentage of revenues received. Its helps investors assess if a company's management is generating enough profit from its sales and whether operating costs and overhead costs are being contained.

Non-GAAP Financial Measure is a numerical measure that adjusts the most directly comparable GAAP measure reported on the audited financial statements. Common non-GAAP measures include earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA); adjusted EBITDA; and non-GAAP income.

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Non-diversified Fund concentrate their efforts in a single industry or geographic sector. Non-diversified funds often rise and fall with events and economic conditions because those factors similarly affect most businesses in the sector. With more risk comes the possibility of substantial gains if the sector does well. An event or condition can benefit one sector of funds and hurt another. Opting for non-diversified funds, can reap higher returns if the stocks are picked correctly.

Operating Expenses: When a company's operating expenses exceed its revenue, this means it is not currently profitable. This is a common scenario for newer companies, so it may or may not be a negative signal for investors. For an unprofitable company, it is also important to look at how Net Income is changing over time. Net Income is how much money is left over from their revenue after the company pays its operating costs.

Operating Income: A company’s operating income is how much profit it nets after it pays its operating costs. Companies who can cover their costs quite well might invest that extra cash into new acquisitions, new projects, or paying dividends to their shareholders. In rare cases, too much operating cash might indicate a lack of direction of growth for the company.

Preferred Stock: (cổ phiếu ưu đãi) Stocks are divided into two broad categories: common and preferred. Shareholders choose preferred stock to collect income through dividends. Preferred stock is kind of a form of debt, and equity, which is a form of ownership. Typically, shareholders of preferred stock will receive guaranteed fixed dividends. Additionally, if a company goes bankrupt or liquidates its assets, preferred shareholders get paid out before holders of common shares. Thus, preferred stock tends to be less volatile than common stock. If the dividends become too high relative to the market the company can force shareholders to sell them back at the redemption price, or call price.

Price/Earnings-to-Growth (PEG) Ratio: The PEG ratio (Giá/Thu nhập để tăng trưởng) is a company’s Price/Earnings ratio divided by its earnings growth rate over a period of time (typically the next 1-3 years). The PEG ratio adjusts the traditional P/E ratio by taking into account the growth rate in earnings per share that are expected in the future. This can help “adjust” companies that have a high growth rate and a high price to earnings ratio. In general, a good PEG ratio has a value lower than 1.0. PEG ratios greater than 1.0 are generally considered unfavorable, suggesting a stock is overvalued. Meanwhile, PEG ratios lower than 1.0 are considered better, indicating a stock is relatively undervalued.

PEG = (Share Price ÷ Earnings per share) ÷ Earnings per share growth rate

Price/to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio. This compares a company's market share price (tỷ lệ giá thị trường) to its annual EPS/Earning per Share (Lợi tức mỗi cổ phiếu). Example: Suncor Energy, Inc. shares were selling at $31.82, and the company had an EPS for the year of $5.11. Thus its (P/E) Price-earning ratio (Tỷ lệ giá trên thu nhập) was 6.23. Normally, P/E ratios have averaged around 16, but the average fluctuates widely from year to year; there is no "normal" P/E. The higher the P/E ratio, the more investors are paying for each dollar of the company's earnings. That could mean that the stock is overvalued, or it could reflect optimism for the company's future. Tỷ lệ giá trên thu nhập. Để so sánh giá cổ phiếu thị phần (là tỷ lệ phần trăm giữa doanh thu bán ra của doanh nghiệp) của một công ty với thu nhập hàng năm trên mỗi cổ phiếu. Ví dụ: Cổ phiếu của Suncor Energy, Inc. được bán với giá $31.82 đô la và công ty có giá thu nhập cổ phần trong năm là $5.11 đô la. Như vậy tỷ lệ Giá thu nhập (P/E) của Suncor Energy, Inc là 6.23. Thông thường, các chỉ số Giá thu nhập trung bình ở mức số 16, nhưng mức trung bình này dao động khá lớn giữa các năm; cho nên giá thu nhập thường "lên xuống". Tỷ lệ Giá thu nhập càng cao, thì nhà đầu tư phải trả cao hơn cho mỗi đô la thu nhập của công ty. Điều đó có thể có nghĩa là cổ phiếu được định giá cao hơn, hoặc nó có thể phản ánh sự lạc quan cho tương lai của công ty.

P/E ratio or Price-to-earning ratio = stock share price ÷ price earning per share. Ex: SU P/E ratio = 31.82 ÷ 5.11 = 6.23
Giá cổ phiếu ÷ giá thu nhập trên mỗi cổ phiếu = Tỷ lệ trên giá thu nhập. Cái này so sánh cổ phiếu của một công ty với thu nhập trên mỗi cổ phiếu hàng năm.

Portfolio: An accumulation (sự tích lũy, sự tích thêm vốn do lãi ngày một đẻ ra) of assets owned by the investor and designed to transfer purchasing power to the future.

Price-to-Book Ratio (tỷ lệ giá mua trước). Price-to-book value (P/B) is the ratio of the market value of a company's shares (share price) over its book value of equity. The book value of equity, in turn, is the value of a company's assets expressed on the balance sheet. The book value is defined as the difference between the book value of assets and the book value of liabilities. The price-to-book ratio (P/B) offers investors an effective approach to finding undervalued companies. The P/B ratio can also help investors identify and avoid overvalued companies. However, the P/B ratio should be compared with companies within the same sector. Tỷ lệ Giá trên Sổ Sách là tỷ số giữa giá trị thị trường cổ phiếu của một công ty (giá cổ phiếu) trên giá trị sổ sách của vốn chủ sở hữu. Giá trị sổ sách của vốn chủ sở hữu, là giá trị tài sản của một công ty được thể hiện trên bảng cân đối kế toán. Giá trị ghi sổ được xác định là sự chênh lệch giữa giá trị tài sản ghi trong sổ và giá trị ghi sổ của nợ phải trả. Tỷ lệ giá Giá trên Sổ Sách cung cấp cho các nhà đầu tư một cách tiếp cận hiệu quả để tìm kiếm các công ty bị định giá thấp. Tỷ lệ Giá trên Sổ Sách cũng có thể giúp các nhà đầu tư xác định và tránh các công ty được định giá quá cao. Tuy nhiên, tỷ lệ Giá trên Sổ Sách nên được so sánh với các công ty cùng ngành.

Low Price-to-Book Ratio: A P/B ratio with lower values, particularly those below 1, could be a signal to investors that a stock may be undervalued and is trading at a lower price relative to the value of the company's assets. A low P/B ratio could also mean the company earning is poor (even negative) return on its assets. If the company has poor earnings performance, there is a chance that new management or new business conditions will prompt a turnaround in prospects and give strong positive returns. Even if this does not happen, a company trading at less than book value can be broken up for its asset value, earning shareholders a profit. A P/B ratio of less than one could be an indicator of an undervalued company that the market has misunderstood. Tỷ lệ giá trong sách thấp với các giá trị thấp hơn, đặc biệt là những giá thấp hơn 1, có thể là một tín hiệu cho các nhà đầu tư rằng một cổ phiếu có thể bị định giá thấp và đang được mua bán ở mức giá thấp hơn so với giá trị tài sản của công ty. Tỷ lệ Giá trên Sổ Sách thấp cũng có thể có nghĩa là công ty kiếm được lợi nhuận kém (thậm chí là lổ) trên tài sản của mình. Nếu công ty có hiệu suất thu nhập kém, có thẻ vì ban quản lý mới hoặc các điều kiện kinh doanh mới đả tạo ra sự thay đổi trong triển vọng và mang lại lợi nhuận tốt. Ngay cả khi điều này không xảy ra, một công ty giao dịch ở mức thấp hơn giá trị trong sổ sách có thể bị chia nhỏ cho giá trị tài sản của nó, mang lại lợi nhuận cho cổ đông. Tỷ lệ giá trong sách nhỏ hơn 1 cũng có thể là một chỉ báo của một công ty bị định giá thấp mà thị trường đã hiểu sai.
High Price-to-Book Ratio: High price-to-book ratios might be bad news for investors, as they can signify a stock is overvalued. The market is excited about the company’s prospects, driving share prices up more quickly than projected growth supports. However, high price-to-book ratios aren’t always a result of overvalued stock. In some cases, the company is generating strong returns on assets, or it owns valuable intellectual property that doesn’t show up on the balance sheet. Generally speaking, a higher price-to-book ratio can’t be classified as “better” than a low price-to-book ratio. These figures are relative based on the industry and the mix of intangible assets and growth prospects unique to each company. Tỷ lệ giá trong sách cao có thể là tin xấu đối với các nhà đầu tư, vì chúng có thể cho thấy một cổ phiếu được định giá quá cao. Thị trường đang háo hức với triển vọng của công ty, khiến giá cổ phiếu tăng nhanh hơn mức hỗ trợ tăng trưởng dự kiến. Tuy nhiên, tỷ lệ giá trong sách cao không phải lúc nào cũng là kết quả của việc cổ phiếu được định giá quá cao. Trong một số trường hợp, công ty đang tạo ra lợi nhuận cao từ tài sản hoặc công ty sở hữu tài sản hợp lý có giá trị không thấy rõ ràng trên bảng cân đối kế toán. Nói chung, tỷ lệ giá trên sách cao hơn không thể được phân loại là “tốt hơn” so với tỷ lệ giá trong sách thấp. Những con số này tương đối dựa trên ngành công nghiệp và sự kết hợp của tài sản vô hình và triển vọng tăng trưởng duy nhất cho mỗi công ty.

Principal: The invested amount of money is called principal. Frequent investing adds to the size of your principal, thus magnifying your return.

P/S Ratio or Price-to-sales ratio.: The Price to Sales Ratio is calculated by taking a company's market capitalization (the number of outstanding shares multiplied by the share price) and dividing it by the company's total sales or revenue over the past 12 months. The lower the P/S ratio, the more attractive the investment. However, This could mean the stock is underpriced or that investors are not confident about its future. Conversely, a high P/S means investors are willing to pay a premium for shares of the stock, but could also signal that the stock is overpriced. Tỷ lệ Doanh số trên Giá bán được tính bằng cách lấy vốn hóa thị trường của một công ty (số lượng cổ phiếu đang lưu hành nhân với giá cổ phiếu) và chia cho tổng doanh số hoặc doanh thu của công ty trong 12 tháng qua. Tỷ lệ P/S Giá bán càng thấp thì khoản đầu tư càng hấp dẫn. Tuy nhiên, điều này có thể có nghĩa là cổ phiếu được định giá quá thấp hoặc các nhà đầu tư không tự tin về tương lai của nó. Ngược lại, P/S Giá bán cao có nghĩa là các nhà đầu tư sẵn sàng trả thêm cho cổ phần của cổ phiếu, nhưng đây cũng có thể cho thấy rằng cổ phiếu được định giá cao hơn thực tế. (*v*) Doanh số là tổng số tiền mà một doanh nghiệp thu được do hoạt động kinh doanh mua vào, bán ra. (*v*) Vốn hóa là vốn cung cấp cho một công ty, hoặc chuyển đổi (quá trình thay đổi) thu nhập hoặc tài sản chuyển sang thành vốn.

Rate of return: It’s the annualized return that is earned by the investment relatively to its cost. Before purchasing as asset, the investor anticipates that the return will be greater that that of other assets of similar risk. Without this anticipation, the purchase would not be made. Tỷ lệ lợi nhuận: Đây là lợi tức tương đối thu được hàng năm từ khoản chi phí đầu tư. Trước khi bỏ tiền đầu tư, nhà đầu tư dự đoán rằng lợi nhuận sẽ lớn hơn lợi nhuận của các tài sản khác có rủi ro tương tự. Nếu không có dự đoán này, việc đầu tư sẽ không được thực hiện.

Real Estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources. In general, real estate (bất động sản) refers to the property consisting of houses or land and any permanent improvements attached to the land, whether natural or man-made including crops, water, trees, minerals, buildings, homes, fences and bridges.

Recession: The period of economic decline from the peak to the trough of the business cycle, characterized by decreasing aggregate (tổng hợp, toàn bộ, toàn thể, tổng số) output and often by rising unemployment. A recession (khủng hoảng kinh tế ngắn hạn) is a period of declining economic performance across an entire economy that lasts for several months. Businesses, investors, and government officials track various economic indicators that can help predict or confirm the onset of recessions, but they're officially declared by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). Suy thoái/giảm: Giai đoạn kinh tế suy giảm từ đỉnh cao đến thấp trong chu kỳ kinh doanh, mô tả bởi tổng sản lượng giảm và thường là tỷ lệ thất nghiệp gia tăng. Suy thoái là một giai đoạn kinh tế suy giảm hoạt động trên toàn bộ nền kinh tế kéo dài trong nhiều tháng. Các doanh nghiệp, nhà đầu tư và quan chức chính phủ theo dõi các chỉ số kinh tế khác nhau có thể giúp dự đoán hoặc xác nhận sự khởi đầu của suy thoái, nhưng vấn đề nầy được chính thức tuyên bố bởi Cục Nghiên cứu Kinh tế Quốc gia.

Retracement: A retracement (trở lại con đường cũ, thoái lui) is a brief period in which the general trend in a security's price is reversed. Even during a bull market, it's unlikely that stock prices will only ascend (đi lên). Rather, there are likely to be shorter periods of time in which small dips (chỗ trũng) occur as well, even as the general trend continues upward. In a bull market some investors watch for retracements and move to buy during these periods. The action behind this strategy is that, presuming that the bull market continues, the price of the security in question will quickly move back up, retroactively providing the investor with a discounted purchase price.

Return: The sum of income plus capital gains earned on an investment in an asset. Tổng thu nhập cộng với lãi vốn kiếm được khi đầu tư vào một tài sản.

Return On Capital Employed (ROCE) is a measure of a company's yearly pre-tax profit (its return), relative to the capital employed in the business. Lợi tức trên vốn sử dụng là thước đo lợi nhuận trước thuế hàng năm của công ty (lợi nhuận của công ty), so với số vốn sử dụng trong doanh nghiệp.

ROCE = Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) ÷ (Total Assets - Current Liabilities). Based on the formula, the ROCE for Spirit Aerosystems Holdings, Inc is -0.05 = EBIT $208M ÷ (TotalAssets $7.7M - CurrenLiability $1.88M. Based on the trailing twelve months to Dec 2021). Therefore, Spirit Aerosystems Holdings, Inc has an ROCE of minus 5%. Ultimately, that's a low return and it under-performs the Aerospace Industry average of 25%.

Return On Equity (ROE) is a key measure used to assess how efficiently a company's management is utilizing the company's capital. In short, ROE shows the profit each dollar generates with respect to its shareholder investments. Lợi nhuận trên vốn chủ sở hữu là một thước đo chính được sử dụng để đánh giá mức độ hiệu quả của ban lãnh đạo công ty đang sử dụng vốn của công ty. Tóm lại, Lợi nhuận trên vốn chủ sở hữu cho thấy lợi nhuận mà mỗi đô la tạo ra đối với các khoản đầu tư của cổ đông.

ROE = Net Profit (from continuing operation) ÷ Shareholders' Equity. Based on the formula, the ROE for Spirit Aerosystems Holdings, Inc is: 11% = US $382M ÷ US $3.4B (Based on the trailing 12 monthss to June 2022). The 'return' refers to a company's earnings over the last year. That is, for every $1 worth of equity, SPR was able to earn $0.11 in profit.

Revenue (thu nhập, doanh thu) is the total amount of income generated by the sale of goods or services related to the company's primary operations. Revenue, also known as gross sales, is often referred to as the "top line" because it sits at the top of the income statement. Income, or net income, is a company's total earnings or profit. When investors and analysts speak of a company's income, they're actually referring to net income or the profit for the company. In accounting, revenue is the income or increase in net assets that an entity has from its normal activities. Commercial revenue may also be referred to as sales or as turnover. Some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees.

Doanh thu là tổng thu nhập được tạo ra từ việc bán hàng hóa hoặc dịch vụ liên quan đến hoạt động chính của công ty. Doanh thu, còn được gọi là tổng lợi nhuận, còn thường được gọi là "lợi tức" vì hoa lợi được báo cáo trước thu nhập. Thu nhập, hay lợi nhuận thu nhập, là tổng doanh lợi hoặc lợi nhuận của công ty. Khi các nhà đầu tư và nhà phân tích nói về thu nhập của một công ty, họ thực sự đang đề cập đến lợi nhuận thu nhập hoặc tiền lãi thu nhập của công ty. Trong kế toán, doanh thu là thu nhập hoặc thu nhập tổng số của tài sản (vốn quý) mà một đơn vị có được từ các hoạt động mua bán bình thường. Doanh thu thương mại cũng có thể được gọi là doanh thu bán hàng. Một số công ty nhận được doanh thu từ tiền lãi, tiền bản quyền hoặc các khoản phí khác.

Revenue Per Share (thu nhập, doanh thu trên mỗi cổ phiếu) is the amount of Revenue per outstanding share of the company's stock. Also referred to as sales, revenue is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue can be manipulated by changing the way how revenue is booked. Be aware, companies may book sales before the payment is received, or before the revenue is fully earned. These will be added to balance sheet items such as account payable or account receivables.

– Revenue Per Share for the fiscal year that ended in .30 is calculated as:

Revenue Per Share (A: .30 ) = Revenue (A: .30 ) / Shares Outstanding (Diluted Average) (A: .30 ) = / 0

– Revenue Per Share for the quarter that ended in .30 is calculated as:

Revenue Per Share (Q: (Q1)) = Revenue (Q: .30 ) / Shares Outstanding (Diluted Average) (Q: .30 ) = / 0

Doanh thu trên mỗi cổ phiếu là số Thu Nhập trên mỗi cổ phiếu đang lưu hành của công ty. Còn được gọi là lượng hàng hoá bán được, doanh thu là thu nhập mà một công ty nhận được từ các hoạt động kinh doanh thông thường của mình, thường là từ việc bán hàng hóa và dịch vụ cho khách hàng. Doanh thu có thể được điều chỉnh bằng cách thay đổi cách ghi sổ sách kế toán. Hãy lưu ý, các công ty có thể điền trước doanh số hàng hoá bán được trước khi nhận được khoản thanh toán hoặc trước khi thu được đầy đủ doanh thu. Khoản thanh toán sẽ được thêm vào các mục của bản ghi chép số tiền thu như khoản phải trả hoặc khoản được thu.

Risk: The possibility of loss; the uncertainty of future returns. A term that is frequently used in conjunction with risk is peculation. Speculation is rarely used, and when it’s employed, the implication is that the individual runs a good chance of loosing the funds invested in the speculative asset.

ROCE: Return On Capital Employed (Lợi Tức Trên Vốn Sử Dụng) is a good way to measure a company's overall performance. ROCE can show how companies use their capital efficiently by examining the net profit it earns in relation to the capital it uses. ROCE measures profitability after factoring in the amount of capital used. ROCE is calculated by determining what percentage of a company's utilized capital it made in pre-tax profits, before borrowing costs. ROCE can help investors see through growth forecasts, and it can often serve as a reliable measure of corporate performance. It can also be used with return on equity (ROE) but should not be used for companies that have a large cash reserve that remains unused. Spotting Profitability With Return on Capital Employed.

Return on Capital Employed = Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) ÷ (Total Assets - Current Liabilities)
CENX 0.0067 = US$6.5m ÷ (US$1.5b - US$516m) (Based on the trailing twelve months to September 2021).

Century Aluminum has an ROCE of 0.7%. Basically, that's a low return and it under-performs the Metals and Mining industry average of 17%.

RUT - Russell 2000: The Russell 2000 Index is a small-cap stock market index of the smallest 2,000 stocks in the Russell 3000 Index. It was started by the Frank Russell Company in 1984. The index is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group.

Secondary Markets: Net increase in productive asset does not occur likes investing in plant and equipment. Instead the seller trades the security for cash, and the buyer trades cash for the security in stocks and bonds.

Shareholders' Equity is the shareholders’ claim on assets after all debts owed are paid up. It is calculated by taking the total assets minus total liabilities. Shareholders' equity represents the net worth of a company, which is the amount that would be returned to shareholders if a company's total assets were liquidated and all of its debts repaid.

Shareholders' Equity: Total Assets - Total Liabilities. Based on the formula, the Shareholders' Equity for Spirit Aerosystems Holdings, Inc is: US$7,737,000M - US$7,288,500M = US$448,500M (Based on the trailing 12 months to December 2021).

Vốn sở hữu cổ đông là chủ quyền tài sản của cổ đông sau khi các khoản nợ đã được thanh toán hết. Nó được tính bằng cách lấy tổng tài sản trừ đi tổng số nợ phải trả. Vốn chủ sở hữu của cổ đông là trị giá liên tục của một công ty, là số tiền sẽ được trả lại cho các cổ đông nếu tổng tài sản của một công ty được thanh lý và tất cả các khoản nợ của công ty đó đả được hoàn trả.

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Short Selling: Short selling is an investment or trading strategy speculating on a stock's decline or other securities price. Traders may use short selling as speculation, and investors or portfolio managers may use it as a hedge against the downside risk of a long position in the same security or a related one. Speculation carries the possibility of substantial risk and is an advanced trading method. Hedging is a more common transaction involving placing an offsetting position to reduce risk exposure. Bán thiếu là một chiến lược đầu tư hoặc giao dịch qua sự nghiên cứu về giá sụt giảm của một cổ phiếu hoặc một chứng khoán khác. Các nhà giao dịch có thể lợi dụng bán thiếu chiếm lấy thời cơ và các nhà đầu tư hoặc người quản lý danh mục đầu tư có thể sử dụng nó như một biện pháp phòng ngừa rủi ro giảm giá của một cổ phiếu hoặc một chứng khoán có liên quan. Nghiên cứu khả năng rủi ro đáng kể của đầu tư là đặt tiền trước phương pháp. Bảo hiểm rủi ro là một giao dịch bao gồm đến nghiệp vụ bán một vị thế bù trừ để giảm rủi ro.

In short selling, a position is opened by borrowing shares of a stock or other asset that the investor believes will decrease in value by a set future date—the expiration date. The investor then sells these borrowed shares to buyers willing to pay the market price. Before the borrowed shares must be returned, the trader is betting that the price will continue to decline and they can purchase them at a lower cost. The risk of loss on a short sale is theoretically unlimited since the price of any asset can climb to infinity.

To open a short position, a trader must have a margin account and will usually have to pay interest on the value of the borrowed shares while the position is open. Also, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA), which enforces the rules and regulations governing registered brokers and broker-dealer firms in the United States, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), and the Federal Reserve have set minimum values for the amount that the margin account must maintain known as the maintenance margin. If an investor's account value falls below the maintenance margin, more funds are required, or the position might be sold by the broker.

To close a short position, a trader buys the shares back on the market—hopefully at a price less than what they borrowed the asset and returns them to the lender or broker. Traders must account for any interest charged by the broker or commissions charged on trades. The process of locating shares that can be borrowed and returning them at the end of the trade are handled behind the scenes by the broker. Opening and closing the trade can be made through the regular trading platforms with most brokers. However, each broker will have qualifications the trading account must meet before they allow margin trading.

Short Selling for Profit. Ex: A trader who believes that ABC stock is currently trading at $20 will decline in price in the next three months. They borrow 1000 shares and sell them to another investor. The trader is now “short” 1000 shares they did not own but had borrowed. The short sale was only made possible by borrowing the shares, which may not always be available if it's already heavily shorted by other traders. A month later, the company whose shares were shorted reports dismal financial results for the quarter, and the stock falls to $18. The trader decides to close the short position and buys 1000 shares for $18 on the open market to replace the borrowed shares. The trader’s profit on the short sale, excluding commissions and interest on the margin account, is $2,000: ($20 - $18 = $2 x 1000 shares = $2,000).

Short Selling for Loss. Ex: Suppose the trader did not close out the short position at $18 but decided to leave it open to capitalize on a further price decline. However, a competitor swoops in to acquire the company with a takeover offer of $25 per share and the stock soars. If the trader decides to close the short position at $25, the loss on the short sale would be $1,500: ($20 - $25 = – $5 x 1000 shares = – $5,000 loss). Here, the trader had to buy back the shares at an expensive price to cover their position.

Short Selling as a Hedge. Ex: Suppose the trader did not close out the short position at $18 but decided to leave it open to capitalize on a further price decline. However, a competitor swoops in to acquire the company with a takeover offer of $25 per share and the stock soars. If the trader decides to close the short position at $25, the loss on the short sale would be $1,500: ($20 - $25 = – $5 x 1000 shares = – $5,000 loss). Here, the trader had to buy back the shares at an expensive price to cover their position.

S&P 500: The S&P 500 or Standard & Poor's 500 Index or simply the S&P, is a stock market index that measures the stock performance of 500 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. It is one of the most commonly followed equity indices, and many consider it to be one of the best representations of the U.S. stock market.

Stock Split is to enhace liquidity and to make the shares more affordable. Investors should look at the fundamentals of the company before taking a position immediately after a stock split.

Straight Bond is a bond that pays interest at regular intervals, and at maturity pays back the principal that was originally invested. A straight bond has no special features compared to other bonds with embedded options. U.S. Treasury bonds issued by the government are examples of straight bonds. To compute the value of a bond at any point in time, investor add the present value of the interest payments plus the present value of the principal investor receive at maturity. Present value adjusts the value of a future payment into today's dollars.

Strike Price: (giá cố định) The strike price is defined as the price at which the holder of an options can buy (in the case of a call option) or sell (in the case of a put option) the underlying security when the option is exercised. Hence, strike price is also known as exercise price. The price fixed by the seller of a security after receiving bids in a tender offer, typically for a sale of bonds or a new stock market issue. With a put option, the buyer has the right to sell 100 shares of stock at the strike price before expiration. If the put option expires in the money (the strike price is above the stock price), the purchaser of the put can exercise the option for 100 shares of stock, or sell it back for a profit.

Total Assets (Tổng tài sản) are everything that a business or an individual owns. For a company, they are listed on a balance sheet. These assets are valued based on their purchase prices, not the current market value of the assets. Total assets are listed on a balance sheet in order of liquidity, so cash is typically at the top.

Total Equity Gross Minority Interest (Thu nhập tổng số sở hữu lãi tối thiểu của cổ đông) is everything that a business or an individual owns. A company, they are listed on a balance sheet (báo cáo quyết toán). These assets are valued based on their purchase prices, not the current market value of the assets. Total assets are listed on a balance sheet in order of liquidity, so cash is typically at the top. Thu nhập tổng số sở hữu lãi tối thiểu của cổ đông là tất cả mà một doanh nghiệp hoặc một cá nhân sở hữu. Một công ty, được liệt kê trên bảng báo cáo tổng kết thu chi. Những tài sản này được định giá dựa trên giá mua của chúng, không phải giá trị thị trường hiện tại của tài sản. Tổng tài sản được liệt kê trên bảng báo cáo quyết toán theo thứ tự nhanh chóng như thế nào trên thị trường thứ cấp một chứng khoán có thể được mua hoặc bán dễ dàng, vì vậy tiền mặt thường đứng đầu.

Total Liability Net Minority Interest. (Tổng số nợ phải trả lãi tối thiểu của cổ đông) A minority interest refers to a stake in a company that is otherwise controlled by a parent company. This usually occurs in subsidiaries where the parent company owns more than 50% of the voting shares. Lợi ích thiểu số đề cập đến phần cổ phần trong công ty được kiểm soát bởi công ty mẹ. Điều này thường xảy ra ở các công ty con mà công ty mẹ sở hữu trên 50% số cổ phần có quyền biểu quyết.

Total Revenue (tổng doanh thu) is the total receipts a seller can obtain from selling goods or services to buyers. It can be written as P × Q, which is the price of the goods multiplied by the quantity of the sold goods.

Trailing P/E Ratio: (giá theo dõi trên tỷ lệ thu nhập). The sum of a company’s price-to-earnings, calculated by taking the current stock price and dividing it by the trailing earning per share (EPS) for the past 12 months. This measure differs from forward P/E, which uses earning estimates for the next four quarters. The market average P/E ratio currently ranges from 20-25, so a higher PE above that could be considered bad, while a lower PE ratio could be considered better.

Trailing P/E Ratio = current share price ÷ recent earnings per share (EPS) or trailing twelve months EPS

Treasury Bond: T-bonds are government debt securities issued by the federal government that have maturities greater than 20 years. T-bonds earn periodic interest until maturity, at which point the owner is also paid a par amount equal to the principal. Treasuries are considered the safest bonds available because they are backed by the “full faith and credit” of the U.S. government. They are quite liquid because certain primary dealers are required to buy Treasuries in large quantities when they are initially sold and then trade them on the secondary market.

Trough: A low point in a business cycle or on a statistical graph. A trough is the stage of the economy's business cycle that marks the end of a period of declining business activity and the transition to expansion. The business cycle is the upward and downward movement of gross domestic product and consists of recessions and expansions that end in peaks and troughs.

Underlying Security: An underlying (cơ bản) security (sự bảo đảm; vật bảo đảm; vật thế chấp) is a stock (cổ phần), index, bond, interest rate, currency, or commodity on which derivative (bắt nguồn từ, phát sinh) instruments, such as futures, ETFs, and options, are based. Underlying, in equities, is the common stock that must be delivered when a warrant is exercised, or when a convertible bond or convertible preferred share is converted to common stock. The price of the underlying is the main factor that determines prices of derivative securities, warrants and convertibles. It is the primary component of how the derivative gets its value. In derivatives, underlying refers to the security that must be delivered when a derivative contract, such as a put or call option, is exercised. There are two main types of investments: debt and equity. The debt must be paid back and investors are compensated in the form of interest payments.

Valuation: The process of determining what an asset is worth today. The investor appraises the asset and assigns a current value to it based on the belief that the asset will generate cash flow (e.g., interest) or will appreciate in price to determine if the asset is currently overpriced or underpriced.

XOI - NYSE Arca Oil Index is a price-weighted index of the leading companies involved in the exploration, production, and development of petroleum. It measures the performance of the oil industry through changes in the sum of the prices of component stocks. The index was developed with a base level of 125 as of August 27, 1984.

Zero-Coupon: U.S. Treasury bills are a zero-coupon bond. When the bond reaches maturity, its investor receives its par (or face) value. Ex: Zero-coupon bonds include U.S. Treasury bills, U.S. savings bonds, long-term zero-coupon bonds, and any type of coupon bond that has been stripped of its coupons.

Yield-to-Maturity (YTM): The yield-to-maturity of a bond is another way of considering a bond’s price. YTM is the total return anticipated on a bond if the bond is held until the end of its lifetime. Yield to maturity is considered a long-term bond yield but is expressed as an annual rate. In other words, it is the internal rate of return of an investment in a bond if the investor holds the bond until maturity and if all payments are made as scheduled. YTM is a complex calculation but is quite useful as a concept evaluating the attractiveness of one bond relative to other bonds of different coupon and maturity in the market. The formula for YTM involves solving for the interest rate in the following equation, which is no easy task, and therefore most bond investors interested in YTM will use a computer:

AMERICAS INDICES & WHAT ARE THEY?

INDEXDJX: DJI – DOW JONES INDU AVERAGE NDX is a widely-watched benchmark index in the U.S. for blue-chip stocks. The DJIA is a price-weighted index that tracks 30 large, publicly-owned companies trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq. The highly profitable firms on the Dow's roster also boast a higher dividend yield than those in the S&P: 2.4% on average, compared with 2.0%. It still makes sense for index investors to hold funds that track the broad market. But you may want to add a stake in the granddaddy of all stock indexes, too.

INDEXNASDAQ: IXIC – The NASDAQ COMPOSITE INDEX measures all NASDAQ domestic and international based common type stocks listed on The NASDAQ Stock Market. Today the NASDAQ Composite includes over 2,500 companies, more than most other stock market indexes. The Nasdaq Composite Index comprises all Nasdaq domestic and international stocks listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market including Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta, Microsoft, NVDIA, and Tesla while the Nasdaq 100 index is a large-cap growth index and includes 100 of the top domestic and international non-financial companies based on market capitalization.

INDEXNYSEGIS: NYA – NYSA COMPOSITE INDEX is a widely-watched benchmark index in Mexico stocks. The MXX is a price-weighted index that tracks top 30 components, publicly-owned companies trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq.

MXXCMEX: MXX – DOW JONES INDU AVERAGE NDX is a widely-watched benchmark index in Mexico stocks. The MXX is a price-weighted index that tracks top 30 components, publicly-owned companies trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq.

FINANCE TIPS & INVESTOR NEWS

Dividend: Not sure where to start? Browse dividend.com guide to find the best dividend stocks. Best Dividend Stocks | News & Recent Dividend Declarations.

Ticker On: Which is better. View a ticker or compare two or three. Trading Ideas | Paper Trades | Watchlist Exchange | Company Earnings Calendar.

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission: View documents filed by company, which provides free public access to corporate information, including registrationstatements, prospectuses and periodic reports. Rgulation | Education | Filings | News. The SEC protects investors, promotes fairness in the securities markets, and shares information about companies and investment professionals to help investors make informed decisions and invest with confidence.

XE: The world's most popular currency tools. Currency API \ Tools | Resources | Rate Alerts | Currency Charts | Send Money Internationally.

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